The real deployment phase of the personal area network (PAN) has not yet arrived. We are at the breaking point of a new generation of wearable computers, sensors and peripherals, which will bring us into a new level of entanglement with the machine. Traditionally, a PAN is associated with a wireless voice link, such as a Bluetooth connection with a wireless headset. Although this is a useful local machine-to-machine (M2M) personal link, it is far from the practical potential that low-power RF near-field technology PAN can provide. This article will explore what options we have to generate and send and receive data through our “personal electromagnetic bubblesâ€. The article will discuss the low-power levels and signal types used in various applications, ranging from wearable devices or simple "deep embedded" sensors, to more complex high-definition video and image processing for real-time 3D gesture recognition. We will discuss what standard chip-level solutions are available today, such as IRDA, wireless USB, Bluetooth, Z-Wave, ZigBee, and Wi-Fi, and conduct in-depth research from a bandwidth perspective to determine what is expected to be practical and usable Throughput. We will also discuss which standards are better for different functions. All parts, specifications, guides and development tools referenced in this document can be found on the Digi-Key website. Not all are RF Wireless links generally remind us of the concept of radio, but not all wireless links are based on RF. Some line-of-sight, short-range, and low-bandwidth communications can be replaced with IR (infrared). For example, two-piece force feedback gloves for remote control of equipment or medical procedures. At this time, IRDA modules like ROHM RPM973-H11E2A do better (Figure 1). This transceiver is ultra-thin, self-contained, and can provide speeds of up to 4 Mbits / s with optical links without interference from ambient RF noise from any source. It also has a rugged structure suitable for harsh conditions. Figure 1: Do not underestimate the use of rugged IR as a line-of-sight link in moderate-bandwidth data communications. There are a variety of well-designed low-cost transceivers for engineers to choose from. Despite its uniqueness, optical technology is by far the most widely used communication technology in emerging PAN applications. Interestingly, low-speed narrow-band AM, FM, ASK, FSK, carrier on / off and PSK-type RF can be used for relatively short-range low-speed links. The computer mouse can work very well with a data speed of 1,200 bit / s. Murata TR3000 uses a 433.92 MHz carrier wave and ASK or OOK modulation to support data rates up to 115.2 Kbaud. Its working voltage is 2.7 to 3.7 V, and the current only needs 3.8 mA when receiving data, and 7.5 mA can transmit data. The energy consumption is even better, which can reduce the energy consumption of the short-range link by an order of magnitude, thereby extending battery life (Figure 2). Figure 2: Narrowband transmission can use lower power numbers because of the relatively low data rate. However, noise sources and crowded interactive environments can cause problems. Although narrow-band AM and FM can be power-limited, there are too many possible sources of interference, so when an error occurs, this type of link is generally not subject to arbitration, collision detection, collision avoidance, and automatic retransmission. It is better to use digital radio at this time. Multiple digital standards are competing for the coveted larger PAN market, including consistent interoperable standards like Bluetooth, USB, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, or Z-Wave. As multiple IC-level devices are coming to market, wireless USB will provide certain guarantees. Cypress CYRF6936-40LTXC is the only part of direct sequence spread spectrum wireless 2.4 GHz USB transceiver. 1.8 to 3.6 V devices have data speeds up to 1 Mbit / s and use the 4 MHz SPI port for setting and control. This is a 40-pin part with an exposed pad, which is slightly larger than a narrow-band solution. Its 34 mA transmit (21.2 mA receive) current is also significantly higher. In fact, many applications spend most of their time in a sleep state rather than awake state. A small battery can be used to achieve long-term burst communication, especially if the battery can be charged. A similar part with an embedded controller is Cypress CYRF89235-40LTXC, which provides an on-chip Harvard architecture M8C RISC processor up to 24 MHz and an emulation port (Figure 3). On-chip 32 K flash memory can store stacks and user code for certain applications. 2 K RAM can be expanded on the programmable I / O through an 8-bit port or through an I2C or SPI interface (both included). Figure 3: The system-on-chip approach allows the embedded microprocessor to fully run the protocol stack while providing an embedded environment that can either store your application-specific code or build your own custom interface. Not just voice Bluetooth voice is most likely to rule the headset field or be used for personal voice links in the future, although it uses far more power than it needs. For most parts, Bluetooth devices work well together, even in a crowded environment. The network sharing process will make the transceiver a simple query lock type without the need to maintain multiple sockets and complex protocol stacks. On the other hand, Bluetooth low energy is very suitable for non-voice applications like sensors, actuators and PAN. Similar to other standards, some people have already started to launch integrated solutions. One notable Bluetooth LE solution comes from CSR, namely its TCSR1010A05-IQQM-R single-chip Bluetooth LE system-on-chip (SoC) transceiver (Figure 4). As part of CSR's μEnergy Bluetooth low energy platform, the device also includes an embedded microcontroller. In this example, it is a 16-bit RISC processor running the BT LE stack, radio, interrupt, and external interface. Figure 4: Embedded microprocessors can not only include digital radio peripheral functions, but also provide other connections and peripheral interfaces, including mixed signals. It should be noted that these parts have more resources available. The flash memory and RAM capacity are 64 K bytes. In addition, these parts include a 10-bit A / D, 12 programmable I / O, SPI, I2C, UART, PWM, and a debug SPI port. As for the radios currently under development, almost all of them have energy management features and can use 32 kHz real-time clock crystals to save more sleep power. Another competitor in this area is STMicroelectronics, which provides the Bluetooth LE wireless network processor BLUENRGQTR. As a 1 Mbit / s compatible master and slave device, it also complies with the Bluetooth v4.0 specification. It can use a 32 kHz clock or oscillator to reduce energy consumption or run at a higher native frequency for process-intensive data processing. In this example, the frequency is up to 32 MHz. It is based on the ARM Cortex-M0 processor (Figure 5), with a 64 K program flash memory and 12 K SRAM. It also has SPI, I2C, UART, serial programs and debugging, and AES hardware. STMicroelectronics regards it as a potential peripheral controller in the PAN field, especially suitable for healthcare applications. The company also provides product training modules for Bluetooth LE healthcare applications. Figure 5: Not only can 8-bit and 16-bit cores be used in PAN applications, but this 32-bit Cortex-M0 can also operate radio links and has huge processing power for your code. Similar to many other vendors, STMicroelectronics also supports stacking and provides a development environment to help you speed up development. In this example, the vendor's STEVAL-IDB002V1 is a useful demonstration and evaluation board for BlueNRG low-power network processors. Other possibilities There are many obstacles for other wireless players to get a slice of the PAN market in the emerging and explosive growth stage. One example is ZigBee. This is a popular standard supported by multiple device and module manufacturers and suitable for home and building automation applications. Unlike Bluetooth, ZigBee does not have native support on smartphones, tablets and laptops. There may be obstacles. ZigBee also requires a fairly complex stack, which means that the node cost will be higher. On the other hand, ZigBee has architectural arbitration and identification capabilities, and has advantages in being part of the larger mesh. Wi-Fi is also attractive, especially in promoting the Internet of Things. It provides cloud-based connectivity, and the chips and modules it provides are also certification-ready solutions. Although Wi-Fi has native support on smartphones, tablets, and laptops, it consumes too much power. Control flexibility may make it less suitable for PAN applications, so it may still not be a feasible solution, especially after it enters low-power mode every time, it needs to re-establish the connection when it wakes up, and the discovery mode also takes up a lot Time and energy consumption. There are other potential solutions. Z-Wave, ANT +, IOHomecontrol, W6LoPAN and RF4CE are among the application-specific and common protocols, and it is worth knowing. All in all, we are witnessing the rapid development of a new generation of IoT-related products, which will enhance our capabilities and our self-awareness. In this environment, the smart phone is most likely to become the hub of the personal area network, connecting wearable devices such as health monitors, smart watches and display devices (such as Google Glasses) and various sensors embedded in clothes and shoes . This article explores the options that engineers have to generate and receive data through personal "electromagnetic bubbles." We also discussed many possible agreements and reviewed representative parts.
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